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1.
Rev. bras. ciênc. vet ; 29(2): 101-106, abr./jun. 2022. il.
Article Dans Portugais | LILACS, VETINDEX | ID: biblio-1399563

Résumé

O objetivo deste trabalho foi analisar e correlacionar os resultados de qualidade do leite cru refrigerado de dez propriedades rurais de Viçosa (MG) obtidos por métodos de referências do Ministério da Agricultura, Pecuária e Abastecimento e por espectrofotômetros de luz infravermelha em três laboratórios (A, B e C) credenciados pelo mesmo órgão de fiscalização. As amostras de leite foram analisadas quanto à contagem bacteriana, contagem de células somáticas (CCS) e teores de gordura, proteína e extrato seco desengordurado (ESD). Não houve discordância de amostras de leite quanto aos teores de proteína e gordura. Porcentagens diferentes de discordância foram observadas entre os resultados dos laboratórios e método de referência quanto à CCS, contagem bacteriana e teores de ESD. Os teores médios de proteína dos laboratórios A e B e os teores médios de ESD de todos laboratórios não foram estatisticamente iguais (p<0,05) aos teores obtidos pelo método de referência. Os teores de gordura obtidos no laboratório B não tiveram correlação estatística (p>0,05) com os teores obtidos pelo método de referência. Observou-se que as CCS e contagens bacterianas médias de todos os laboratórios foram estatisticamente iguais (p>0,05) e correlacionadas (p<0,05) às contagens médias obtidas pelos métodos de referência. Conclui-se que os teores de proteína em dois laboratórios e ESD em todos os laboratórios não são equivalentes com os métodos de referência do MAPA. É importante que os laboratórios revejam a calibração dos seus equipamentos quanto à quantificação dos teores de sólidos do leite.


The objective of this study was to analyze and to correlate the results of refrigerated raw milk quality in ten farms of Viçosa (MG). The milk was analyzed by the Ministério da Agricultura, Pecuária e Abastecimento standard methods and by infrared spectrophotometers in three laboratories (A, B and C) accredited by the same institution. The milk samples were analyzed for bacterial counts, somatic cell count (SCC) and fat, protein and solids not fat (SNF) tenors. There were no disagreement milk samples as the protein and fat tenors. Different percentages of disagreement were observed between the results of laboratory and standard method as the SCC, bacterial count and SNF tenor. The protein mean tenor of A and B laboratories and the SNF mean tenor of all laboratories were not statistically equal (p<0.05) the tenors obtained by standard method. The fat tenors obtained in B laboratory were not statistically correlated (p>0.05) with tenors obtained by the standard method. It was observed that the means of SCC and bacterial counts of all laboratories were statistically the same (p>0.05) and correlated (p<0.05) to the means counts obtained by standard methods. It is concluded that the protein tenors in two laboratories and SNF in all laboratories are not equivalent with the reference methods of MAPA. It is important that laboratories review the calibration of the equipment on the quantification of milk solids tenors.


Sujets)
Contrôle de qualité , Spectrophotomètres , Standards de Qualité Alimentaire , Lait/normes , Charge bactérienne/normes , Aliments crus/analyse
2.
Chinese Journal of Biotechnology ; (12): 2554-2562, 2021.
Article Dans Chinois | WPRIM | ID: wpr-887821

Résumé

This study attempts to develop a reference substance for the live bacteria count of Streptococcicosis live vaccines in order to evaluate the validity of live bacterial count in inspection and testing. We prepared a batch of live Streptococcus suis reference substance for live bacterial count, tested their physical property, purity, vacuum degree, remaining moisture, and determined their homogeneity, thermal stability and transportation stability. Moreover, we organized collaborative calibration to assign count values to the reference substance and determine the shelf life of the reference substance in 12 months. The results showed that the physical property, the purity, the remaining moisture and the vacuum degree of the reference substance were all in compliance with the requirements of the Chinese Veterinary Pharmacopoeia. The homogeneity test showed that the coefficient of variation of the count of the reference substance was less than 10%, indicating a good homogeneity. Transportation stability test showed that the reference substance remained active after 72 h transportation in summer and winter with the package of styrofoam boxes and ice packs. Thermal stability test showed that the reference substance could be stored for up to 3 months at -20 °C, or up to 21 days at 4 °C. According to the collaborative calibration, the reference vaccine was assigned a count value range of (8.5-12.1)×107 CFU/ampoule. The shelf life test showed that the reference substance was stable for 12 months when stored at -70 °C. The reference substance could provide a reference for the live bacterial count of Streptococcicosis live vaccines. Moreover, it could also be used as a reference to evaluate the quality of corresponding agar media.


Sujets)
Charge bactérienne , Normes de référence , Vaccins atténués
3.
Ciênc. rural (Online) ; 50(2): 20190425, 2020. tab, graf
Article Dans Anglais | LILACS-Express | LILACS | ID: biblio-1055862

Résumé

ABSTRACT: The preservation of milk samples for microbiological analyses by the Brazilian Network of Milk Quality Control Laboratories requires the addition of preservatives to maintain the microbiota from the time of sample collection to the moment of analysis. The number of microorganisms can change as a result of the active ingredients and concentration of the preservative, as well as due to interactions between the preservatives, incubation time, and packaging temperature. The objective of this research was to evaluate the conservation potential of different concentrations of sodium azide and chloramphenicol on the analytical shelf life of milk samples. Two farms were selected, one with a low bacterial count and one with a high bacterial count. The milk was dispensed into sterile vials and tested after the addition of the usual concentrations of sodium azide and chloramphenicol, doubled concentrations, tripled concentrations, and as a control, without preservatives. The samples were incubated at 3 ± 1 °C, 6 ± 1 °C, and 9 ± 1 °C for 14 days and analyzed daily for their bacterial count by flow cytometry. The tripled preservative concentrations improved conservation, increasing the timespan of the analytical viability of the samples without altering the results.


RESUMO: A conservação das amostras de leite destinadas para análises microbiológicas pela Rede Brasileira de Laboratórios de Controle da Qualidade do Leite requer adição de conservantes para a preservação da microbiota existente desde o momento da coleta até as análises. O número de microrganismos pode apresentar alterações decorrentes do princípio ativo e concentração do conservante, e ainda entre as interações conservante, tempo de incubação e temperatura de acondicionamento. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o potencial de conservação de diferentes concentrações de azida sódica e cloranfenicol sobre a vida útil analítica de amostras de leite. Foram selecionadas duas fazendas, sendo uma com baixa contagem bacteriana e outra com alta contagem bacteriana. O leite foi fracionado em frascos estéreis e testado nas seguintes condições: pastilhas com a concentração usual de azida sódica e cloranfenicol, com dupla concentração, com tripla concentração e sem a adição do conservante. As amostras foram incubadas por quatorze dias a 3 ± 1 °C, 6 ± 1 °C e 9 ± 1 °C, e analisadas diariamente por citometria de fluxo para a determinação da contagem bacteriana. A tripla concentração do conservante demonstrou maior conservação, possibilitando o aumento da viabilidade analítica das amostras sem alteração nos resultados.

4.
Chinese Traditional and Herbal Drugs ; (24): 3541-3546, 2019.
Article Dans Chinois | WPRIM | ID: wpr-850940

Résumé

Objective: In order to investigate the effect of Shufeng Jiedu Capsule (SJC) compatibility on anti-inflammation of pneumonia model rats. SJC whole prescription and its components with effect of heat-clearing and toxin-removing and exterior-releasing were studied. Methods: The pneumonia model of rats induced by Streptococcus pneumoniae was used, divided into control group, model group, cephalexin group, SJC whole prescription group (whole prescription group), SJC exterior-releasing group (exterior-releasing group), and SJC heat-clearing and toxin-removing group (heat clearing and detoxifying group). After administration for 6 d, the colony count of peripheral blood and alveolar lavage fluid (BALF), the number of white blood cell (WBC) and its classification in peripheral blood and alveolar lavage fluid, the contents of nuclear transcription factor-kappa B (NF-κB) and cyclooxygenase (COX-1 and COX-2) were tested to evaluate the compatibility rationality. Results: Compared with model group, the whole prescription group, exterior-releasing group, and heat-clearing and toxin-removing group significantly reduced the colony count of peripheral blood and alveolar lavage fluid, significantly reduced the number of WBC in peripheral blood, significantly increased the proportion of eosinophils and reduced the proportion of basophils. The Q values of rats in the whole prescription group were beyond 1 on two indicators, which were the number of WBC and the proportion of eosinophils. The number of WBC in alveolar lavage fluid and the contents of NF-κB and COX-2 decreased significantly in the whole prescription group, exterior-releasing group and heat-clearing and toxin-removing group. Conclusion: SJC has significant anti-inflammatory effect and therapeutic effect on Streptococcus pneumoniae infection in rats. The exterior-relieving component and the heat-clearing and toxin-removing component have significant synergistic effects.

5.
Article | IMSEAR | ID: sea-187756

Résumé

The peri-implant bacterial colonization is one of the current major problems facing dental implants with no actual protocols for prevention. The use of zirconium for bacterial eradication has already been reported and discussed in the dental literature. In this study we evaluated for the first time the ability of a "hybrid" dental implant model – where the implant collar is made out of titanium and zirconium - to reduce the peri-implant bacterial colonization, using traditional implants from the same manufacturer as controls. The results of microbiological analysis and the evaluation of the classic parameters of an implant success confirmed that, in all the 30 patients in this study, the zirconium collar had a vital role in reducing peri-implant bacterial colonization, and that the "hybrid" implants show lower plaque index values, less bleeding and less marginal bone loss than the traditional implants. Our data therefore suggest that a zirconium collar can effectively reduce the bacterial colonization around a titanium implant favoring a better long-term prognosis.

6.
Arq. bras. med. vet. zootec. (Online) ; 70(2): 615-622, mar.-abr. 2018. tab, graf
Article Dans Portugais | LILACS, VETINDEX | ID: biblio-910970

Résumé

Objetivou-se avaliar a influência da cloração da água utilizada em salas de ordenha, assim como do manejo e da infraestrutura da ordenha, sobre a qualidade microbiológica da água e do leite. Foi instalado um equipamento para cloração de água, por duas semanas, na caixa de água de 20 propriedades leiteiras. Foram coletadas amostras de água e leite ao primeiro dia (sem cloro: controle), no sétimo e 14° dias (com cloro) e no 21º dia após a desinstalação dos cloradores (sem cloro: controle). Foram realizadas análises microbiológicas da água e do leite (contagem de células somáticas do leite, bactérias psicotróficas, mesófilas e coliformes totais), análises físico-químicas da água (pH, dureza e matéria orgânica), e aplicou-se um questionário estruturado aos produtores visando conhecer as técnicas de manejo de ordenha adotadas na propriedade. O uso de cloração na água melhorou (P<0,0001) a qualidade microbiológica da água, porém não afetou a qualidade microbiológica do leite (P>0,05). Práticas adequadas de manejo e higiene de ordenha e adequada estrutura para a ordenha estão relacionadas a baixas contagens de microrganismos no leite. Conclui-se que a cloração melhora a qualidade microbiológica da água, sem afetar a qualidade microbiológica do leite, a qual é melhorada pela adoção de boas práticas de ordenha e adequada infraestrutura.(AU)


The aim was to evaluate the influence of the use of sanitizing the water used on dairy farms, the management and the infrastructure on the dairy farm on the microbiological quality of water and milk. It was installed an equipment to chlorinate the water for a period of two weeks, in the water box of 20 dairy farms. In each dairy farm, water and milk samples were collected, being the first day (without chlorine: control), in the 7th and 14th day (chlorine), and 21 days after uninstalling the chlorinators (Chlorine-free: control). Microbiological analysis of water and milk (Somatic cell counts of milk, psychrotrophic bacteria, mesophilic and total coliforms) and physicochemical analysis of water were performed and a survey was applied to the farmers. The use of chlorine tablets in water improved (P<0.0001) the microbiological quality of water, but did not affect the microbiological quality of the milk (P>0.05). Management practices, hygiene and the structure of dairy farms are related to low microorganism counts in milk. In conclusion, chlorination of water improves the microbiological quality of water without affecting the microbiological quality of milk, which is improved by the adoption of good milking practices and adequate infrastructure.(AU)


Sujets)
Animaux , Femelle , Bovins , Colimétrie , Halogénation/effets des médicaments et des substances chimiques , Lait/microbiologie , Numération cellulaire
7.
J. appl. oral sci ; 26: e20170516, 2018. tab, graf
Article Dans Anglais | LILACS, BBO | ID: biblio-954499

Résumé

Abstract Objective The objective of this study was to clarify differences in bacterial accumulation between gastrointestinal cancer patients who underwent severely invasive surgery and those who underwent minimally invasive surgery. Material and Methods We performed a preliminary investigation of gastrointestinal cancer patients who were treated at the Department of Surgery, Takarazuka Municipal Hospital, from 2015 to 2017 (n=71; 42 laparoscopic surgery, 29 open surgery) to determine changes in bacterial numbers at different sites of the oral cavity (tongue dorsum, gingiva of upper anterior teeth, palatoglossal arch), as well as mouth dryness and tongue coating indices. Specifically, patients received professional tooth cleaning (PTC), scaling, tongue cleaning, and self-care instruction regarding tooth brushing from a dental hygienist a day before the operation. Professional oral health care was also performed by a dental hygienist two and seven days after surgery. Oral bacteria numbers were determined using a bacterial counter with a dielectrophoretic impedance measurement method. Results The number of bacteria at all three examined sites were significantly higher in the open surgery group when compared to the laparoscopic surgery group on the second postoperative day. Relevantly, bacterial count in samples from the gingiva of the upper anterior teeth remained greater seven days after the operation in patients who underwent open surgery. Furthermore, the dry mouth index level was higher in the open surgery group when compared to the laparoscopic surgery group on postoperative days 2 and 7. Conclusions Even with regular oral health care, bacterial numbers remained high in the upper incisor tooth gingiva in gastrointestinal cancer patients who received open surgery. Additional procedures are likely needed to effectively reduce the number of bacteria in the gingival area associated with the upper anterior teeth.


Sujets)
Humains , Mâle , Femelle , Adulte , Sujet âgé , Sujet âgé de 80 ans ou plus , Santé buccodentaire , Soins périopératoires , Tumeurs gastro-intestinales/chirurgie , Tumeurs gastro-intestinales/microbiologie , Bouche/microbiologie , Période postopératoire , Facteurs temps , Température du corps , Protéine C-réactive/analyse , Laparoscopie , Statistique non paramétrique , Période préopératoire , Charge bactérienne , Tumeurs gastro-intestinales/anatomopathologie , Numération des leucocytes , Adulte d'âge moyen , Stadification tumorale
8.
Chinese Traditional and Herbal Drugs ; (24): 4591-4595, 2018.
Article Dans Chinois | WPRIM | ID: wpr-851662

Résumé

Objective To explore the anti-inflammatory mechanism of Shufeng Jiedu Capsules (SJC). Methods The Streptococcus pneumoniae (SP)-induced pneumonia model of rats was used to study the anti-inflammation of SJC. The factors related to inflammatory response from the blood plasma such as leukocyte count and its classification, complement C3, bradykinin (BK), monocyte chemotactic protein (MCP-1), NF-κB, COX-1, COX-2, and bacterial count were measured after the administration of SJC. Results SJC significantly decreased the bacterial count in peripheral blood and BALF, and leukocyte in peripheral blood; It also significantly reduced the levels of NF-κB, MCP-1, BK, and COX-2 in serum. Conclusion SJC has significant sterilization and anti-inflammation effects, which shows significantly therapeutic effect on pneumonia model rats by reducing the levels of NF-κB, MCP-1, BK, and COX-2.

9.
Ciênc. rural (Online) ; 47(11): e20161004, Nov. 2017. tab, graf
Article Dans Anglais | LILACS | ID: biblio-1044893

Résumé

ABSTRACT: Milk produced in Brazil has been seen as having poor quality and is associated with a large number of small farms. However, there are few studies demonstrating lower quality of milk of small properties. Thus, this study aimed to evaluate the relationship between production scale on dairy farms and milk quality, how it behaviors throughout the year and set goals to improve quality according to each strata. A total of 21,917 analysis of 409 farmers conducted from January 2005 to December 2014 were used. To study the database, the properties were divided according to monthly average daily milk yield: 10 to 100; 100 to 200; 200 to 500; 500 to 1,000; and 1,000 to 5,000L of milk day-1. The data showed that dairy farming is predominantly carried out on small-scale production properties; however, the highest volumes are produced by a small number of producers. Additional data reveals that milk quality can vary because of distinct factors as nutritional condition and feed supply. Quality of the milk produced should be a matter of concern for the entire milk-production chain, because it still has problems such as high total bacterial count, high somatic cell count and low solids.


RESUMO: O leite produzido no Brasil é visto como tendo má qualidade e associado a grande número de pequenas propriedades. No entanto, não há estudos que demonstram menor qualidade do leite dessas pequenas propriedades. Assim, este estudo teve como objetivo avaliar a relação entre a escala de produção e qualidade do leite, como é o comportamento ao longo do ano, e definir metas para melhorar a qualidade de acordo com cada estrato. Utilizou-se um total de 21.917 análises de 409 agricultores realizadas de Janeiro/2005 a Dezembro/2014. As propriedades foram divididas de acordo a produção de leite: 10 a 100; 100 a 200; 200 a 500; 500 a 1000; e 1000 a 5000L de leite dia-1. Os dados mostraram que a produção leiteira é predominantemente realizada em pequenas propriedades; no entanto, os volumes mais elevados são produzidos por um pequeno número de produtores. Dados adicionais revelam que a qualidade do leite pode variar devido a fatores como condição nutricional e alimentos para animais. Concluiu-se que a qualidade do leite deve ser um motivo de preocupação para toda a cadeia de produção de leite, porque ainda tem problemas tais como elevada contagem bacteriana total e contagem celular somática e baixo teor de sólidos.

10.
China Pharmacist ; (12): 1687-1689, 2017.
Article Dans Chinois | WPRIM | ID: wpr-607300

Résumé

Objective:To compare the microbial count method described in Chinese Pharmacopoeia ( ChP) 2010 edition and 2015 edition. Methods:The bacterial count and total aerobic microbial count for 15 samples of Jingfang granule with the same batch were tested respectively by the method described in ChP 2010 edition and 2015 edition, the average number, uncertainty, colony distribu-tion range of samples and qualified rate from the two testing items were analyzed and compared. Results:The average number of colo-nies for the bacterial count and total aerobic microbial count was 720 and 830 cfu·g-1 , the expand uncertainty of 95% confidence in-tervals was 0. 067 and 0. 061, the colony distribution range of samples was 620-840 cfu·g-1 and 720-960 cfu·g-1 , and the qualified rate was 90% and 100%, respectively. Conclusion:The microbial count method described in Chp 2015 edition is more sensitive with more reasonable result evaluation, which can guarantee the stability of inspection reports.

11.
Arq. bras. med. vet. zootec ; 68(5): 1316-1324, set.-out. 2016. tab, graf
Article Dans Portugais | LILACS, VETINDEX | ID: biblio-827879

Résumé

Objetivou-se com este trabalho avaliar os efeitos da temperatura e do tempo de armazenamento de amostras de leite cru refrigerado nos resultados das análises eletrônicas da qualidade do leite. Amostras de leite cru refrigerado foram coletadas de tanques de expansão de uso individual de fazendas localizadas na mesorregião Centro Goiano, no estado de Goiás, e armazenadas em quatro temperaturas diferentes (3°C, 11°C, 17°C e 25°C) durante 16 dias. Foram realizadas diariamente análises de contagem bacteriana total (CBT), contagem de células somáticas (CCS) e composição química. Os resultados obtidos foram submetidos à análise de variância em esquema de parcelas subdivididas no tempo em delineamento de blocos ao acaso, e as médias comparadas pelo teste de Duncan. Concluiu-se que as amostras destinadas à análise de CBT, adicionadas do conservante azidiol, podem ser analisadas por até 16 dias após a coleta, quando armazenadas em temperaturas de 3°C e 11°C, e por até 10 dias, quando armazenadas a 17°C. As amostras destinadas às análises de CCS e composição química, adicionadas do conservante bronopol, podem ser analisadas por até 16 dias após a coleta, quando armazenadas em temperaturas de 3°C e 11°C, e por até sete dias, quando armazenadas a 17°C.(AU)


The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of temperature and storage time of cooled samples of raw milk on the results of milk quality electronic analysis. Refrigerated raw milk samples were collected from expansion tanks for individual use of farms located in the middle region of the state of Goiás, and stored at four different temperatures (3°C, 11°C, 17°C, and 25°C) for 16 days. Total bacterial count (TBC), somatic cell count (SCC), and chemical composition were performed daily. The results were submitted to analysis of variance in split plot design in randomized blocks, and the means were compared by Duncan test. We concluded that, when azidiol is added as preservative to samples for TBC, they can be analyzed up to 16 days after collection when stored at temperatures of 3°C and 11°C, and up to 10 days when stored at 17°C. Moreover, when bronopol is added as preservative, samples for SCC and chemical composition analysis can be stored for up to 16 days after collection when stored at temperatures of 3°C and 11°C, and for up to seven days when stored at 17°C.(AU)


Sujets)
Aliments Réfrigérés , Conservateurs alimentaires/analyse , Lait/composition chimique , Lait/microbiologie , Charge bactérienne , Cytométrie en flux , Stockage des aliments , Aliments crus/microbiologie , Température
12.
Arq. bras. med. vet. zootec ; 68(2): 506-516, mar.-abr. 2016. tab, graf
Article Dans Portugais | LILACS | ID: lil-779785

Résumé

O objetivo do presente estudo foi caracterizar as propriedades leiteiras da região do Vale do Braço do Norte, sul de Santa Catarina, Brasil, quanto à qualidade do leite e ao perfil em infraestrutura, manejo e alimentação dos animais. Foram coletadas informações de 50 propriedades leiteiras, obtidas por meio da aplicação de um questionário estruturado, abrangendo questões socioeconômicas dos produtores, manejo do rebanho, estrutura da propriedade, caracterização dos animais, alimentação das vacas além de manejo e higiene da ordenha. As amostras de leite foram submetidas a análises de composição, contagem bacteriana total, contagem de células somáticas e estabilidade do leite ao teste do álcool. Os dados foram analisados pela análise fatorial, discriminante, canônica, e de agrupamento. As propriedades têm como principal característica a agricultura familiar, com área média de 30 hectares; destes, 15,1 são destinados à pecuária leiteira, com média de 23,1 vacas ordenhadas. Na análise fatorial, o primeiro fator representa as relações entre as práticas de higiene na ordenha e de controle/prevenção de mastite, o segundo fator compreende a infraestrutura da fazenda com o nível de produção e o terceiro fator demonstra a relação entre a suplementação concentrada, a produção e a estabilidade do leite ao teste do álcool. A análise de agrupamento formou três grupos, sendo dois compostos por produtores com maior nível tecnológico e outro constituído por pequenos produtores com menor infraestrutura e nível de tecnologia. As propriedades que apresentam infraestrutura mais adequada para a produção, maior adoção das práticas recomendadas de manejo de ordenha e critérios de alimentação mais adequados produzem leite com melhor qualidade.


The aim of this study was to characterize the dairy farms of the Vale do Braço do Norte region, south of Santa Catarina State, Brazil, regarding milk quality and profile of the farms for infrastructure, management and nutrition of the animals. Information about 50 dairy farms was obtained through a survey regarding socio-economic conditions of the farmers, farm structure, characterization of animals, cow feeding and also milking management and hygiene. The milk samples were analyzed for total bacterial count, somatic cell count and stability of milk to ethanol. The data were analyzed in factorial, discriminant, canonical and cluster analysis. The main characteristic of farms is family farming with an average area of 30 hectares, of which 15.1 are destined for dairy farming, where an average of 23.1 cows are milked. On the factor analysis, the first factor represents the relation between hygiene practices during milking and control / prevention of mastitis, the second factor comprises the infrastructure of the farm with the level of production and the third factor shows the ratio of concentrate supplementation, production and stability of the milk to the ethanol test. The cluster analysis formed three groups, two composed of producers with higher technological level and another by small producers with lower infrastructure and level of technology. The dairy farms that have more adequate infrastructure for production, greater adoption of practices recommended for milking management and more appropriate criteria for cow feeding produce better quality milk.


Sujets)
Animaux , Bovins , Substituts du Lait Maternel , Bovins , Élevage/organisation et administration , Infrastructure , Éjection du lait , Zones Agricoles , Qualité alimentaire , Industrie de L'élevage
13.
Ciênc. rural ; 45(5): 828-834, 05/2015. tab, graf
Article Dans Portugais | LILACS | ID: lil-745829

Résumé

O presente estudo objetivou avaliar o efeito do tempo de armazenagem do leite em tanques de expansão direta, modelo de duas e quatro ordenhas, sobre a contagem bacteriana total (CBT) e a contagem de bactérias psicrotróficas (CBP). As avaliações foram conduzidas em 19 propriedades leiteiras, localizadas nas regiões Serrana e Oeste de Santa Catarina, as quais utilizavam equipamentos de refrigeração do leite por expansão direta, modelo de duas ou quatro ordenhas, com taxa de ocupação variando de 60 a 100% de sua capacidade. Antes e após cada ordenha, foram coletadas amostras de leite para análise de CBT, CBP e contagem de células somáticas (CCS), totalizando aproximadamente 36 horas de armazenagem (quatro ordenhas). O tempo de armazenagem do leite cru resfriado não afetou a CBT e CBP (P>0,05) em ambos os modelos. O modelo de tanque de expansão afetou somente a CBP (P<0,05), com média inferior para amostras de leite de tanques de duas ordenhas em relação ao de quatro ordenhas (3,61±0,104 e 4,00±0,120UFC mL-1 (log10), respectivamente). Conclui-se que tanques de resfriamento por expansão direta, utilizados dentro de suas especificações quanto ao volume de leite a ser resfriado, permitem a manutenção da CBT e da CBP em sistemas de transporte do leite ao laticínio a cada 48 horas.


The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of the cold storage period of raw milk in bulk tanks, using two and four milking models, on total bacterial count (TBC) and psychrotrophic bacterial count (PBC). A total of 19 dairy farms, located in West and Uplands of the Santa Catarina State - Brazil, was been evaluated. Each dairy farm had direct expansion bulk milk tank and an occupancy rate varying from 60% to 100%. Samples were collected before and after each milking procedure to determine PBC and TBC, totalizing four milking and a storage period of 36 hours. The storage time did not affect TBC and PBC (P>0.05). The bulk tank model only affected the PBC (P < 0.05), with two-milking model presenting a lower mean than four-milking model (3.61±0.104 and 4.00±0.120CFU mL-1 (log10)). It was possible to conclude that bulk tanks, when used properly concerning raw milk volume to be chilled, allow the TBC and PBC to remain stable in the transportation systems of raw milk to the industry each 48 hours.

14.
Rev. bras. ciênc. vet ; 22(3-4): 171-175, jul.-dez.2015. il.
Article Dans Portugais | LILACS | ID: biblio-997175

Résumé

O trabalho objetivou relacionar aspectos da produção leiteira e estrutura para ordenha com a qualidade do leite da região do Vale do Braço do Norte ­ SC, utilizando técnicas de análise multivariada. O estudo foi realizado em 20 propriedades leiteiras, fornecedoras de uma indústria de laticínios, selecionadas aleatoriamente nos municípios da região. As informações sobre o sistema de produção foram obtidas através do preenchimento de uma lista de verificação durante a ordenha. Os dados de produção, composição, Contagem de Células Somáticas (CCS) e Contagem Bacteriana Total (CBT) foram disponibilizados pela indústria, sendo utilizada a média dos valores dos últimos três meses. Os dados foram avaliados através de análise multivariada (análise fatorial e análise de correspondência múltipla), utilizando-se o pacote estatístico SAS®. Observou-se relação positiva entre a CCS e a CBT, e entre os teores de gordura e proteína do leite, sendo que as contagens são antagônicas aos teores. A produção de leite por propriedade e a produtividade das vacas também se relacionaram positivamente. As propriedades com maiores valores destas variáveis possuíam ordenha canalizada, sala de ordenha com bom arejamento, fosso azulejado, contenções de metal e alimentavam os animais após a ordenha. As propriedades com menores valores possuíam ordenha balde ao pé, sala de ordenha mal arejada, com fosso concretado, contenções de madeira e faziam a alimentação durante a ordenha. No entanto, a CCS e a CBT não se relacionaram com nenhum destes componentes, constatando que tecnologias e estrutura física não são garantia de uma melhor qualidade do leite.


This study aimed to relate aspects of milk production and structure for milking with the milk quality in the region of Vale do Braço do Norte in Santa Catarina, using multivariate analysis techniques. The study was conducted on 20 dairy farms that sell milk to a dairy industry, randomly selected in the region. Information about the production system were obtained from completion of a checklist during milking. Production data, composition, somatic cell count (SCC) and Total Bacterial Count (TBC) were provided by the industry, using mean values from the last three months. Data were analyzed by multivariate analysis (factorial analysis and multiple correspondence analysis), using the SAS ® statistical package. There was a positive relation between SCC and TBC, and between fat and protein contents, and that counts are antagonistic to contents. Milk production per farm and cow productivity also correlated positively. Farms with higher values of these variables had channeled milking, milking room with good airing, tiled moat, contention made metal and they fed the animals after milking. Farms with lower values had to bucket-type milker, milking room badly aired, concreted moat, contention made wood and they fed the animals during milking. However, SCC and TBC were not related to neither of these components, stating that technology and physical structure are not a guarantee of a better milk quality.


Sujets)
Bovins , Lait , Bovins , Numération cellulaire , Cellules souches adultes
15.
Rev. bras. ciênc. vet ; 21(4): 213-216, out.-dez.2014. il.
Article Dans Portugais | LILACS | ID: biblio-1022110

Résumé

Objetivou-se com este trabalho avaliar indicadores da qualidade do leite cru de tanques de expansão em dois períodos do ano (seco e chuvoso) na região agreste do estado do Rio Grande do Norte. Para isso, foram coletadas amostras de leite cru diretamente do tanque de expansão de oito propriedades no período de janeiro de 2010 a março de 2012. Os índices mensais médios de precipitação foram coletados do banco de dados da Empresa de Pesquisa Agropecuária do Rio Grande do Norte. As amostras foram analisadas quanto à composição, contagem de células somáticas (CCS) e contagem bacteriana total (CBT). A composição do leite não foi influenciada pela estação do ano (P>0,05) e apresentou médias de 3,53% para gordura, 3,30% para proteína e 12,19% para estrato seco total. Apesar do aumento na precipitação (P<0,05), não houve influencia da estação do ano (P>0,05) sobre os valores de CCS e CBT do leite nos tanques de expansão. A contagem bacteriana total variou de 795 a 505 mil UFC/mL de leite para o período seco e chuvoso, respectivamente. A estação do ano não influenciou na composição, CCS e CBT do leite bovino armazenado em tanques de expansão no agreste do Rio Grande do Norte.


The objective of this study was to evaluate indicators of the quality of raw milk from bulk tanks in two seasons (dry and rainy ) in the wild in the state of Rio Grande do Norte. For this, we collected samples of raw milk directly from the expansion tank eight properties in the period January 2010 to March 2012. The average monthly rainfall indices were collected from the database of the Agricultural Research Company of Rio Grande do Norte. The samples were analyzed for composition, somatic cell count (SCC) and total bacterial count (TBC). Milk composition was not affected by season (P > 0.05) and showed an average of 3.53% for fat, protein and 3.30% to 12.19% for total dry stratum. Despite the increased precipitation (P <0.05), there was no influence of season (P> 0.05) on the values of the milk SCC and TBC in the expansion tank. The total bacterial count ranged 795-505 mil CFU / ml of milk to the dry and rainy seasons, respectively. The season does not influence the composition, SCC and TBC bovine milk stored in bulk tanks in rural Rio Grande do Norte


Sujets)
Animaux , Saisons , Bovins , Substituts du Lait Maternel , Charge bactérienne
16.
Rev. bras. ciênc. vet ; 21(3): 213-216, jul.-set. 2014. tab
Article Dans Portugais | LILACS, VETINDEX | ID: biblio-1491590

Résumé

Objetivou-se com este trabalho avaliar indicadores da qualidade do leite cru de tanques de expansão em dois períodos do ano (seco e chuvoso) na região agreste do estado do Rio Grande do Norte. Para isso, foram coletadas amostras de leite cru diretamente do tanque de expansão de oito propriedades no período de janeiro de 2010 a março de 2012. Os índices mensais médios de precipitação foram coletados do banco de dados da Empresa de Pesquisa Agropecuária do Rio Grande do Norte. As amostras foram analisadas quanto à composição, contagem de células somáticas (CCS) e contagem bacteriana total (CBT). A composição do leite não foi influenciada pela estação do ano (P>0,05) e apresentou médias de 3,53% para gordura, 3,30% para proteína e 12,19% para estrato seco total. Apesar do aumento na precipitação (P0,05) sobre os valores de CCS e CBT do leite nos tanques de expansão. A contagem bacteriana total variou de 795 a 505 mil UFC/mL de leite para o período seco e chuvoso, respectivamente. A estação do ano não influenciou na composição, CCS e CBT do leite bovino armazenado em tanques de expansão no agreste do Rio Grande do Norte.


The objective of this study was to evaluate indicators of the quality of raw milk from bulk tanks in two seasons (dry and rainy )in the wild in the state of Rio Grande do Norte. For this, we collected samples of raw milk directly from the expansion tank eightproperties in the period January 2010 to March 2012. The average monthly rainfall indices were collected from the database of theAgricultural Research Company of Rio Grande do Norte. The samples were analyzed for composition, somatic cell count (SCC) and total bacterial count (TBC). Milk composition was not affected by season (P > 0.05) and showed an average of 3.53% for fat, protein and 3.30% to 12.19% for total dry stratum. Despite the increased precipitation (P 0.05) on the values of the milk SCC and TBC in the expansion tank. The total bacterial count ranged 795-505 mil CFU / ml of milk to the dry and rainy seasons, respectively. The season does not influence the composition, SCC and TBC bovine milk stored in bulk tanks in rural Rio Grande do Norte.


Sujets)
Animaux , Bovins , Charge bactérienne/médecine vétérinaire , Saisons , Lait/microbiologie , Qualité alimentaire , Brésil , Composition Alimentaire
17.
Arq. bras. med. vet. zootec ; 65(4): 1239-1246, Aug. 2013. mapas, tab
Article Dans Anglais | LILACS | ID: lil-684485

Résumé

The objective of this work was to characterize milk production from the Central Mineira and Oeste Mesoregions regions in Minas Gerais State, Brazil, according to quality parameters such as somatic cell count, total bacteria count, and composition for specific production ranges. Average results for milk fat, protein, total and nonfat solids were compliant with Brazilian legal requirements (IN-62/2011) in all the production ranges selected. Average somatic cell counts (SCC) complied with the legal requirements of 600,000 cells/mL, except for the range with a daily production above 1,000 liters. However, average maximum values of 400,000 cells/mL are recommended for good milk quality. Total bacterial count was the most critical quality factor, with the highest values found in breeds with milk production above 500 liters per day.


O presente trabalho teve por objetivo caracterizar a produção de leite nas mesorregiões Central Mineira e do Oeste de Minas do estado de Minas Gerais, quanto à contagem de células somáticas, à contagem bacteriana total e à composição, em diferentes faixas de produção. Os teores de gordura, proteína, sólidos totais e extrato seco desengordurado apresentaram valores médios dentro do limite estabelecido pela Instrução Normativa n°62 (IN-62/2011), em todas as faixas específicas de produção estipuladas no presente trabalho. Os valores de contagem de células somáticas (CCS) também se mostraram dentro do limite legalmente estabelecido de 600.000 células/mL, exceto na faixa de produção acima de 1.000L/dia. Entretanto, valores abaixo de 400.000 células/mL são recomendados para um leite de boa qualidade. A contagem bacteriana total foi o fator de qualidade mais crítico. Os valores médios de contagem bacteriana ultrapassaram o limite atualmente preconizado, e rebanhos com volume diário acima de 500 litros por dia foram os que apresentaram maior número de resultados que não estão em conformidade com os padrões legais.


Sujets)
Animaux , Bovins , Charge bactérienne , Qualité alimentaire , Lait , Bovins
18.
Br Biotechnol J ; 2013 Jan; 3(1): 29-38
Article Dans Anglais | IMSEAR | ID: sea-162382

Résumé

In order to make organic fertilizer more quantifiable and attractive to farmers, a pelletizing machine was fabricated locally to produce pellets from powdery fertilizer. However, concerns have been raised on the potential impacts this process could have on the quality of organic fertilizer. An experimental study design with laboratory analysis was adopted. The study took place at Alesinloye market solid waste recycling complex, Ibadan Nigeria, in April, 2012. Samples of both powdery fertilizer and pellets were collected for chemical analysis. Total bacterial count was also determined in the laboratory. The results were subjected to student t- test statistics to compare the means. The variations in the levels of N (2.14 ± 0.02%; 2.39 ± 0.01%), C (37.19 ± 0.01%; 39.25 ± 0.01%), Na (0.1 ± 0.01%; 0.12 ± 0.01%), Ca (1.09 ± 0.01%; 1.16 ± 0.02%) and all heavy metals analyzed: Mn (123.50 ± 0.50 mg/kg; 131.50 ± 0.50 mg/kg), Fe (2,083.00 ± 8.00 mg/kg; 2,135.50 ± 1.50 mg/kg), Cu (224.50 ± 1.50 mg/kg; 238.00 ± 1.00 mg/kg), Zn (305.00 ± 1.00 mg/kg; 330.00 ±1.00 mg/kg), Pb (13.75 ± 0.15 mg/kg; 15.70 ± 0.10 mg/kg), Cd (0.82 ± 0.02 mg/kg; 1.08 ± 0.02 mg/kg), Ni (6.68 ± 0.02 mg/kg; 7.12 ± 0.02 mg/kg), and Cr (7.88 ± 0.03 mg/kg; 8.81 ± 0.01 mg/kg) for pellet and powdery fertilizers respectively was significant (P =.05). The microbial count was significantly lower in pellets than powdery fertilizer. It is evident in this study that pelletizing improved the quality of organic fertilizer due to the significant reduction of heavy metals and bacterial. Though pelletizing significantly reduced the levels of major nutrients as well, the effects were minimal as the pelletized fertilizer still fulfilled the standards organic fertilizer requirements. It is therefore recommended that organic fertilizers should be pelletized before their usage.

19.
Arq. ciênc. vet. zool. UNIPAR ; 15(2): 103-108, jul-dez. 2012. tab
Article Dans Portugais | LILACS-Express | LILACS | ID: lil-681408

Résumé

A composição do leite bovino pode variar de acordo com vários fatores, dentre eles estão: rebanho, clima, região, estação do ano, conservação das amostras, células somáticas, além da contaminação por micro-organismos. O presente trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar 18.366 amostras de leite coletadas de tanques de resfriamento, para estudar a possível influência climática (temperatura máxima e mínima, umidade relativa e precipitação pluviométrica) sobre a qualidade do leite medida por meio da (contagem das células somáticas (CCS), contagem bacteriana total (CBT), lactose, proteína e gordura), no período compreendido entre 2007 e 2010, nos municípios de Pato Branco, Cascavel e Umuarama, localizadas respectivamente nas regiões sudoeste, oeste e noroeste do Estado do Paraná. As análises de qualidade do leite foram feitas pelo Laboratório da Associação Paranaense de Criadores de Bovinos da Raça Holandesa, em Curitiba, Paraná. As variáveis climáticas que mais interferiram na qualidade do leite foram as temperaturas máxima e mínima, tendo correlação negativa para o teor de gordura (r=-0,586 e r=-0,619 respectivamente), proteína (r=-0,250 e r=-0,218 respectivamente)e sólidos totais(r=-0,538 e r=-0,561 respectivamente). No entanto, as temperaturas não influenciaram os níveis de CCS, porém influenciaram de forma positiva os níveis de lactose (r=0,291 e r=0,302). Já a precipitação e a umidade relativa tiveram correlação significativa positiva para a log CCS (r=0,102 e r=0,316) e log CBT (r=0,232 e r=0,262). Conclui-se com este estudo que as variáveis climáticas (temperaturas máxima e mínima, precipitação pluviométrica e umidade relativa) interferem diretamente sobre a qualidade do leite.


The composition of cow milk can vary according to several factors, among which: herd, climate, region, season, preservation of samples, total solids, somatic cells, and contamination by microorganisms. The objective of the present paper is to analyze 18,366 milk samples collected from refrigeration tanks to evaluate the possible climate influence (minimum and maximum temperatures, relative humidity and rainfall) on the quality of milk (somatic cell count (SCC), total bacterial count (TBC), lactose, protein and fat) in the period between 2007 and 2010, in the cities of Pato Branco, Cascavel and Umuarama, located respectively in the Southwest, West and Northwest region of the Parana state. The analyses were performed by the Laboratory at Associação Paranaense de Criadores de Bovinos da Raça Holandesa (Paraná Association of Holstein Cattle Breeders) in Curitiba, Parana. The climate variables interfering the most on the quality of milk were maximum and minimum temperatures, with negative correlation to fat content (r=-0.586 and r=-0.619, respectively), protein (r=-0.250 and r=-0.218, respectively), total solids (r=-0.538 and r=-0.561, respectively). Temperatures had no influence on SCC levels. Nonetheless, these variables positively influenced lactose levels (r=0.291 and r=0.302). Rainfall and relative humidity had positive significant correlation for the SCC log (r=0.102 and r=0.316) and TBC log (r=0.232 and r=0.262). This study concluded that the climate variables maximum and minimum temperature, rainfall and relative humidity directly interfere on milk quality.

20.
Arq. ciênc. vet. zool. UNIPAR ; 15(1): 5-12, jan-jun. 2012. tab
Article Dans Portugais | LILACS | ID: lil-681421

Résumé

Com o aumento da população, crescimento de renda, redução dos preços de produtos e mudanças dos hábitos alimentares, a demanda por leite e derivados tem aumentado, sendo importante melhorar a qualidade do leite e aumentar o rendimento das indústrias. Este artigo relata os resultados de um estudo no qual foram utilizadas 18.366 amostras de leite coletadas de tanques de resfriamento, entre 2007 e 2010, nos municípios de Verê, Guaraniaçú e Tapejara, localizados respectivamente nas regiões Sudoeste, Oeste e Noroeste do Estado do Paraná. Foi montado um banco de dados, a partir do qual se realizou análise de variância, para verificar os efeitos das estações do ano e das regiões sobre a qualidade do leite, bem como análise da correlação da contagem bacteriana total (CBT) e de células somáticas (CCS). Concluiu-se que o leite produzido nas estações frias do ano apresenta melhor qualidade físico-química e microbiológica (p<0,01). Quanto às regiões, o leite produzido no município de Verê foi superior em sólidos totais (ST), gordura e proteína. O município de Tapejara teve o maior índice de lactose e menor quantidade de CCS (p<0,01), e em Guaraniaçú se obteve menor CBT (p<0,01). Os níveis de gordura e proteína foram os fatores que mais interferiram no porcentual de ST (p<0,01). Já os níveis de CBT e CCS interferiram de forma negativa sobre a maioria dos parâmetros da qualidade do leite. Observou-se diminuição significativa na CBT e aumento no teor de ST, mas a CCS mostrou tendência de alta, indicando falta de controle eficiente das mastites.


The growth of human population and higher financial income, food price reduction, and changes of nutritional habits have led to the increasing demand for milk and dairy products, making important to improve milk quality and industrial productivity. This paper reports the results of a 2007-2010 study using 18,366 milk samples collected from cooling reservoirs in the cities of Verê, Guaraniaçú and Tapejara, respectivelylocated in the southwestern, western and northwestern regions of the State of Paraná, Brazil. A database was set and was utilized for the analysis of variance to verify the effects of seasons and regions on the milk quality, and for the correlation analysis of total bacterial count (TBC) and somatic cell count (SCC). It was concluded that milk produced in the cold seasons has better physical-chemical and microbiological qualities (p<0.01). Regarding the regions, milk produced in Verêpresented more total solids (TS), fat and protein. Milk from the city of Tapejara had the highest rate of lactose and lowest SCC (p<0.01), and milk from Guaraniaçu showed the least amount of CBT (p<0.01). Fat and protein levels were the most interfering factors in the percentage of ST (p<0.01), whereas TBC and SCC levels interfered negatively on most parameters of milk quality. Significant decrease ofTBC and increase of TS were observed, but SCC tended to increase, indicating lack of efficient mastitis control.


Con el aumento de la población, crecimiento de la renta, reducción de precios de los productos, cambios en los hábitos de alimentación, la demanda por la leche y productos lácteos han aumentado, así es importante mejorar la calidad de la leche y aumentar la rentabilidad de las industrias. Este artículo presenta los resultados de un estudio que empleó 18.366 muestras de leche colectadas de tanques de resfriamiento, entre 2007 y 2010, en los municipios de Verê, Guaraniaçú y Tapejara, ubicados respectivamente en las regiones Suroeste, Oeste y Noroeste del Estado de Paraná, Brasil. Se creó una base de datos, de la cual se realizó análisis de varianza para verificar los efectos de las estaciones del año y de las regiones sobre la calidad de la leche, así como análisis de la correlación de recuento total de bacterias (RTB) y recuento de células somáticas (RCS). Se concluyó que la leche producida en las estaciones frías del año presenta mejor calidad fisicoquímica y microbiológicos (p <0,01). Cuanto a las regiones, la leche producida en el municipio de Verê fue superior en sólidos totales (ST), grasa y proteína. El municipio de Tapejara tuvo la tasa más alta de lactosa y menos SCC (p <0,01), y Guaraniaçu mostró menor cantidad de TCC (p <0,01). Los niveles de grasa y proteína fueron los factores que más influyeron en el porcentaje de ST (p <0,01). Los niveles de TBC y SCC han interferido negativamente sobre la mayoría de los parámetros de calidad de la leche. Se observó disminución significativa en RTB y aumento en el tenor de ST, pero SCC ha mostrado tendencia de alta, indicando falta de control eficiente de las mastitis.


Sujets)
Cellules hybrides/cytologie , Matières grasses/analyse , Protéines/composition chimique , Lait/classification , Qualité alimentaire
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